sources
References
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Bolster, J. (2008). Putting the Ocean in Atlantic History: Maritime Communities and Marine
Ecology in the Northwest Atlantic, 1500-1800. Oxford Journals - The American
Historical Review, 113(1), 19-47. Retrieved from
ahr.oxfordjournals.org/content/113/1/19.full
Brown, S., Auster, P., Lauck, L., & Coyne, M. (1998). Ecological Effects of Fishing. National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved from
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/websites/retiredsites/sotc_pdf/IEF.PDF
Centre for Marine Biodiversity & Biotechnology. (n.d.). Cold-water Corals. Herot-Watt
University. Retrieved from http://www.lophelia.org/
Christensen, V., & Maclean, J. (2011). [Figure 1, Graph illustration of Catch and mean trophic
level in Northwestern Atlantic]. Ecosystem Approaches to Fisheries: A Global
Perspective. Cambridge University Press.
Chuenpagdee, R., Morgan, L., Maxwell, S., Norse, E., & Pauly, D. (2003). Shifting gears:
Assessing Collateral Impacts of Fishing Methods in US Waters. Frontiers in Ecology and
the Environment, 1(10), 517-524. Retrieved from http://mcbi.marine-
conservation.org/publications/pub_pdfs/Chuenpagdee_et_al_2003.pdf
Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science. (2012). The Threats of Overfishing: Consequences
at the Commercial Level. Retrieved from http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/winter-2012/the-
threats-of-overfishing-consequences-at-the-commercial-level#.VnAsBEorLIX
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http://www.britannica.com/topic/fishery
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Planning Processes for Integrated Coastal Area Management. Retrieved from
http://www.fao.org/docrep/w8440e/w8440e02.htm
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2015). Fishing Gear Types –
Midwater Otter Trawls. Retrieved from www.fao.org/fishery/geartype/309/en
Jones, E. (2013). The Environmental and Socioeconomic Effects of Overfishing Due to the
Globalization of the Seafood Industry. Retrieved from
http://www.philau.edu/collegestudies/Documents/Elizabeth Jones.pdf
Keledjian, A., Brogan, G., Lowell, B., Warrenchuk, J., Enticknap, B., Shester, G., Hirshfield, M.,
Cano-Stocco, D. (2014). Wasted Catch: Unsolved Problems in U.S. Fisheries. Oceana.
Retrieved from http://oceana.org/sites/default/files/reports/Bycatch_Report_FINAL.pdf
Koster, P. (n.d.). Overfishing - A Global Disaster. Retrieved from
http://overfishing.org/pages/what_is_overfishing.php
Lear, W. (1998). History of Fisheries in the Northwest Atlantic: The 500-Year Perspective.
Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science, 23, 41-73. Retrieved from
http://journal.nafo.int/J23/lear.pdf
Marine Conservation Biology Institute. (2005). What is a Bottom Trawl. Retrieved from
http://mcbi.marine-conservation.org/what/what_pdfs/What_ is_a_Bottom_Trawl.pdf
MarineBio Conservation Society. (n.d.). Continental Shelves. Retrieved from
http://marinebio.org/oceans/continental-shelves/
Mason, F. (2002). The Newfoundland Cod Stock Collapse: A Review and Analysis of Social
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http://eprints.cdlib.org/uc/item/19p7z78s#page-2
Mid-Atlantic Ridge. (n.d.). In Encyclopedia Britannica online. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/place/Mid-Atlantic-Ridge
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Time-out on High-Seas Bottom Trawling. Retrieved from http://mcbi.marine-
conservation.org/publications/pub_pdfs/TimeOut_english.pdf
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Retrieved from http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/estuary.html
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Effects of Trawling and Dredging on Seafloor Habitat. National Academies Press.
Retrieved from http://www.nap.edu/read/10323/chapter/1
Northwest Atlantic Marine Alliance. (2015). Marine Food Webs. Retrieved from
http://www.namanet.org/our-work/ecosystem-protection/marine-food-webs
Pauly, D., & Maclean, J. (2003). In a Perfect Ocean: The State of Fisheries and Ecosystems in
the North Atlantic. Washington D.C.: Island Press.
Pauly, D. (2010). 5 Easy Pieces: How Fishing Impacts Marine Ecosystems. Washington D.C.:
Island Press.
Purse seine. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster Dictionary online. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/purse seine
Roney, M. (2013). Plan B Updates-Overfishing Threatens Critical Link in the Food Chain. Earth
Policy Institute. Retrieved from
http://www.earth-policy.org/plan_b_updates/2013/update111
Seine. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster Dictionary online. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/seine
Sierra Club. (n.d.). John Muir Exhibit. Retrieved from
http://vault.sierraclub.org/john_muir_exhibit/writings/misquotes.aspx
Trophic cascade. (n.d.). In Encyclopedia Britannica online. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/science/trophic-cascade
Trophic level. (n.d.). In Encyclopedia Britannica online. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/science/trophic-level
Wallace, B., Lewison, R., McDonald, S., McDonald, R., Kot, C., Kelez, S., Bjorkland, R.,
Finkbeiner, E., Helmbrecht, S., Crowder, L. (2009). Global Patterns of Marine Turtle
Bycatch. Conservation Letters, 3(3), 131-142. Retrieved from
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2010.00105.x/pdf
World Wildlife Fund. (2015a). Blue Planet: Open Ocean. Retrieved from
http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/open_ocean/
World Wildlife Fund. (2015b). Threats - Bycatch. Retrieved from
http://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/bycatch
Allen, G. (1928). Whales and Whaling in New England. The Scientific Monthly, 27(4), 340-343. Retrieved from http://capecodhistory.us/20th/Allen-NewEngland_whaling-1928.htm
Bolster, J. (2008). Putting the Ocean in Atlantic History: Maritime Communities and Marine
Ecology in the Northwest Atlantic, 1500-1800. Oxford Journals - The American
Historical Review, 113(1), 19-47. Retrieved from
ahr.oxfordjournals.org/content/113/1/19.full
Brown, S., Auster, P., Lauck, L., & Coyne, M. (1998). Ecological Effects of Fishing. National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved from
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/websites/retiredsites/sotc_pdf/IEF.PDF
Centre for Marine Biodiversity & Biotechnology. (n.d.). Cold-water Corals. Herot-Watt
University. Retrieved from http://www.lophelia.org/
Christensen, V., & Maclean, J. (2011). [Figure 1, Graph illustration of Catch and mean trophic
level in Northwestern Atlantic]. Ecosystem Approaches to Fisheries: A Global
Perspective. Cambridge University Press.
Chuenpagdee, R., Morgan, L., Maxwell, S., Norse, E., & Pauly, D. (2003). Shifting gears:
Assessing Collateral Impacts of Fishing Methods in US Waters. Frontiers in Ecology and
the Environment, 1(10), 517-524. Retrieved from http://mcbi.marine-
conservation.org/publications/pub_pdfs/Chuenpagdee_et_al_2003.pdf
Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science. (2012). The Threats of Overfishing: Consequences
at the Commercial Level. Retrieved from http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/winter-2012/the-
threats-of-overfishing-consequences-at-the-commercial-level#.VnAsBEorLIX
Fishery. (n.d.). In Encyclopedia Britannica online. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/topic/fishery
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (n.d.). Issues, Perspectives, Policy and
Planning Processes for Integrated Coastal Area Management. Retrieved from
http://www.fao.org/docrep/w8440e/w8440e02.htm
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2015). Fishing Gear Types –
Midwater Otter Trawls. Retrieved from www.fao.org/fishery/geartype/309/en
Jones, E. (2013). The Environmental and Socioeconomic Effects of Overfishing Due to the
Globalization of the Seafood Industry. Retrieved from
http://www.philau.edu/collegestudies/Documents/Elizabeth Jones.pdf
Keledjian, A., Brogan, G., Lowell, B., Warrenchuk, J., Enticknap, B., Shester, G., Hirshfield, M.,
Cano-Stocco, D. (2014). Wasted Catch: Unsolved Problems in U.S. Fisheries. Oceana.
Retrieved from http://oceana.org/sites/default/files/reports/Bycatch_Report_FINAL.pdf
Koster, P. (n.d.). Overfishing - A Global Disaster. Retrieved from
http://overfishing.org/pages/what_is_overfishing.php
Lear, W. (1998). History of Fisheries in the Northwest Atlantic: The 500-Year Perspective.
Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science, 23, 41-73. Retrieved from
http://journal.nafo.int/J23/lear.pdf
Marine Conservation Biology Institute. (2005). What is a Bottom Trawl. Retrieved from
http://mcbi.marine-conservation.org/what/what_pdfs/What_ is_a_Bottom_Trawl.pdf
MarineBio Conservation Society. (n.d.). Continental Shelves. Retrieved from
http://marinebio.org/oceans/continental-shelves/
Mason, F. (2002). The Newfoundland Cod Stock Collapse: A Review and Analysis of Social
Factors. Electronic Green Journal, 1(17), 2-21. Retrieved from
http://eprints.cdlib.org/uc/item/19p7z78s#page-2
Mid-Atlantic Ridge. (n.d.). In Encyclopedia Britannica online. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/place/Mid-Atlantic-Ridge
Morgan, L., Norse, E., Rogers, A., Haedrich, R., & Maxwell, S. (2005). Why the World Needs a
Time-out on High-Seas Bottom Trawling. Retrieved from http://mcbi.marine-
conservation.org/publications/pub_pdfs/TimeOut_english.pdf
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2015). Ocean Facts - What is an Estuary.
Retrieved from http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/estuary.html
National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, & Ocean Studies Board. (2002).
Effects of Trawling and Dredging on Seafloor Habitat. National Academies Press.
Retrieved from http://www.nap.edu/read/10323/chapter/1
Northwest Atlantic Marine Alliance. (2015). Marine Food Webs. Retrieved from
http://www.namanet.org/our-work/ecosystem-protection/marine-food-webs
Pauly, D., & Maclean, J. (2003). In a Perfect Ocean: The State of Fisheries and Ecosystems in
the North Atlantic. Washington D.C.: Island Press.
Pauly, D. (2010). 5 Easy Pieces: How Fishing Impacts Marine Ecosystems. Washington D.C.:
Island Press.
Purse seine. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster Dictionary online. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/purse seine
Roney, M. (2013). Plan B Updates-Overfishing Threatens Critical Link in the Food Chain. Earth
Policy Institute. Retrieved from
http://www.earth-policy.org/plan_b_updates/2013/update111
Seine. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster Dictionary online. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/seine
Sierra Club. (n.d.). John Muir Exhibit. Retrieved from
http://vault.sierraclub.org/john_muir_exhibit/writings/misquotes.aspx
Trophic cascade. (n.d.). In Encyclopedia Britannica online. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/science/trophic-cascade
Trophic level. (n.d.). In Encyclopedia Britannica online. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/science/trophic-level
Wallace, B., Lewison, R., McDonald, S., McDonald, R., Kot, C., Kelez, S., Bjorkland, R.,
Finkbeiner, E., Helmbrecht, S., Crowder, L. (2009). Global Patterns of Marine Turtle
Bycatch. Conservation Letters, 3(3), 131-142. Retrieved from
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2010.00105.x/pdf
World Wildlife Fund. (2015a). Blue Planet: Open Ocean. Retrieved from
http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/open_ocean/
World Wildlife Fund. (2015b). Threats - Bycatch. Retrieved from
http://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/bycatch